Human Responses to Failure and Task Pace in Construction Human-Robot Collaboration

Abstract: In construction, human-robot collaboration (HRC) has primarily focused on advancing robotics technology, yet considering human factors can be critical, as worker responses have the potential to influence HRC performance. This study examines how robotic factors—specifically task pace and failure—affect cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses during a controlled lab experiment. Eleven participants supervised a manipulator robot performing a line-drawing task under varying conditions, with cognitive and emotional responses assessed through questionnaires and behavioral responses measured using vision-based pose estimation. The results indicate that failure rate and task pace influenced both cognitive and emotional states, while behavioral responses varied across individuals.